Brand Management of Cadbury

Cadbury: The Brand The Cadbury brand appreciates a significant level of brand value in Ireland. Examination shows 96% of shoppers perceive the brand, while 74% express that with regards to chocolate, just Cadbury’s will do! There are three principle brand name procedures: Family brand names: The parent brand is otherwise called a â€Å"umbrella† brand. This term is given to item runs where the family brand name is utilized for all items. The upside of this methodology is that positive relationship with the parent brand will move to all sub-brands.The hazard be that as it may, is that in the event that one brand is ineffective or falls into unsavoriness, the notoriety of the total group of brands can be discolored. Cadbury is a family brand. ? Singular brand names (or multibrands): For this situation each brand is made and named independently and has a different personality. Utilizing a family brand may not be reasonable as the brand esteems might be excessively far sepa rated. ?Blend brand names: This methodology takes into account the ideal utilization of the corporate (family) brand name, while permitting an individual brand to be recognized, e. . Cadbury Dairy Milk. Creating brand character BRAND PYRAMID A brand pyramid can assist administrators with arranging and break down a brand’s personality. The top level of the pyramid comprises of the brand center. Brand basic beliefs are the hereditary code of the brand and continue as before after some time. Firmly identified with these qualities is the brand recommendation: the guarantee the brand makes to customers. This recommendation ought to be straightforward and advance to the objective market.The center level speaks to the brand style; or components of the brand’s character that speak to the mental self view of the brand and should be moderately steady after some time. The base of the pyramid is framed by the brand subjects which are worried about how the brand as of now imparts t hrough its publicizing, bundling, physical appearance and so forth. Brand topics are adaptable and change with style, innovative turns of events and changing shopper tastes.The brand pyramid assists directors with understanding the qualities of the brand and guarantee consistency of its message. This likewise assists with distinguishing open doors for brand extending and brand expansions. A brand augmentation is the utilization of a notable brand name on another item inside a similar wide market or item class. We will examine this corresponding to the Dairy Milk brand. Brand extending is the utilization of a set up brand name in disconnected markets or item classes. Brand Extensions and Elements Cadbury India Cadbury is for the most part into three fragments Chocolates †Cadbury India is the market head in the chocolate candy store showcase in India with more than 70 percent piece of the overall industry. The main brands in this classification are Cadbury’s Dairy Milk, Fr uit and Nut, Crackle, Temptations, 5 Star, Perk and Celebrations Gift boxes. †¢ Sugar Confectionery †Cadbury Dairy Milk Eclairs is one of the main brands in this class. It is among the biggest eclair brands in the market regarding esteem share. Cadbury likewise claims Halls (which was obtained as a piece of the worldwide securing of the Adams business from Pfizer in 2003).Halls is among the biggest brands in its fragment of Minty/Breath newness brands in India. †¢ Food Drinks †Cadbury’s Bournvita is a main brand in the earthy colored beverages portion of milk/malted food items. Cadbury’s different items incorporate Drinking Chocolate and Cocoa powder. Generally share in the malted food drinks advertise is evaluated to associate with 19 percent. The organization has as of late made an attack into eating class with Cadbury Bytes, its sweet nibbling brand. The organization has been performing great in India.

Reflective writing †personal view Essay

There are many learning hypotheses, every one of them underscoring different parts of the educating and learning process. I bolster the case that grown-up learning ought to be taken a gander at as an unmistakable style of learning and is interesting to that of youngster and youthfulness learning. Grown-ups bring their background into the homeroom. They bring past information just as past inclinations and convictions. Grown-up understudies need to be recognized as grown-ups. They should be effectively associated with deciding how and what they will realize, and they need dynamic instead of detached learning encounters. Numerous grown-ups are worried from their every day lives duties when they show up for class and need a style of instructing that is imaginative, alive and comical to hold their consideration. Grown-up instructors must deliver learning situations in which all students can feel they are achieving something or profiting some how. The kinds of advantages and understanding of achievement can differ contingent upon a person’s financial foundation, culture, and circumstance throughout everyday life, age or an assortment of different factors. Regardless of whether a learning experience is effective will rely upon the grown-up educator’s capacity to comprehend the distinctions in individuals. Similarly significant is the individual encounters the teacher has with an assortment of members and their qualities. Nobody hypothesis will fit each learning circumstance. There is a special case to each standard. There are, be that as it may, two speculations that I feel intently underpins my line of thinking. First is Knowles’ hypothesis of andragogy. Andragogy makes the accompanying suspicions about the structure of learning: (1) Adults need to know why they have to pick up something (2) Adults need to adapt experientially, (3) Adults approach learning as critical thinking, and (4) Adults learn best when the point is of quick worth (Knowles, 1984). Knowles tried to build up a hypothesis that was explicit to grown-up learning. Knowles underlines that grown-ups are self-coordinated and hope to assume liability for choices. Staff improvement programs must grasp this fundamental perspective (Knowles, 1984). In this manner, in following the hypothesis of andragogy an effective staff advancement program would concentrate in transit the data was being educated and less on the information’s content. The program would focus on imagination, hands-on coursework, pretending and individualized needs (Knowles, 1984). Second is Characteristics of Adult Learners (CAL) by P. Cross As found in this weeks perusing material the CAL model combines other grown-up learning hypotheses, for example, andragogy, exploratory learning and life expectancy brain science. CAL comprises of two classes of factors: individual attributes and situational qualities. Individual attributes include: maturing, life stages, and formative stages. The three measurements take on various jobs relying upon the point an individual is a major part of their life. Situational qualities comprise of the conditions incorporating the understudies learning experience. These conditions could be whether the individual is going to class full-time or low maintenance, and maybe the course of action of their timetable. Regardless of their circumstance a grown-up student will increase their exertion when persuaded by a need, an advantage, or a craving to learn. The encounters where the student will take an interest must be noteworthy and significant to that person so as to assemble impetus. Grown-up students learn at various rates and in different manners. Their capacities can change contingent upon their instructive level, scholarly capacity, character and learning styles. In closing I need to repeat that I keep up grown-up learning ought to be taken a gander at as an unmistakable style of learning. It is one of a kind and ought to be considered separate to that of youngster and immaturity learning. Kids students are as a clear record. Grown-up students are entering the homeroom with a heap of issues encompassing their need or want to learn. These circumstances must be tended to in the event that we are to make progress in holding theâ interest of the grown-up student. Grown-up students should be associated with dynamic learning. The explanation the grown-up student has entered the study hall additionally should be tended to. The normal grown-up student searches out an instruction which is as it should be. The explanation can act naturally improvement, work upgrade, or mission for more salary. It might act naturally satisfaction, keeping up culture status, society status or an entire slew of different reasons. My point is, grown-ups who seek after fur ther training have a crucial satisfy. The need might be close to home or common. Knowles,M. (1984). The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (third Ed.). Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing.

Blog 7 Essays - Payment Systems, Money, Finance, Economy

Blog 7 Essays - Payment Systems, Money, Finance, Economy Blog 7 The organization I picked, Apple Inc. is exceptionally acclaimed organization we know. As of late, some charge card proprietors report that a few people was utilizing the taken Visa to purchase things on apple pay lead to Mastercard proprietors lost cash. Since apple pay doesn't have to give real Mastercard and mark. Apple Inc. can't recognize whether the charge card information are fake. It causes customers lose confidence in Apple Inc. what's more, charge card providers. In this way, apple should build security and insurance on technique for installment. Finding new strategy for installment are valuable for distinct the client. From Komonews, I likewise discover that around 100 million charge cards information were taken from 2013 to 2014 by programmers or from Home Depot. Indeed, even a few sites sold charge card data. Notwithstanding, credit observing won't help clients with Mastercard being been undermined as an extract. For understanding this circumstance, charge card organizat ions are required to grow new chip and pin innovation. It will be hard to fake and recreate than previously. I accept that greater security and insurance will expand advancement of financial.

Memo About Risk Assessment And Strategies Of Apple, Inc - 825 Words

Business Memo About Risk Assessment And Strategies Of Apple, Inc (Essay Sample) Content: Risk assessment and strategies of Apple, IncName:Professor:Institution:Course:Date:MEMORANDUMTO:FROM:DATE:SUBJECT: Risk assessment and strategies of Apple, IncApple Sale StrategiesApple Inc. has identified and built a sustainable competitive environment advantage by focusing on key business strategies. First, it creates the best users friendly products and services through vertical integration models. Apples Inc. gets its revenues through the sale of electronic products such as iPod, iPad, iPhone mac computers, apple TV, software and hardware. The company has developed own operating systems, application software and services to attract customers. Through product differentiation the company maintains the premium pricing of the electronic products. Second, it focuses on building platforms for apps and content distribution on the devices produced in the industry. The customers access these devices through apple devices and pays for content owners for paid application in cross-side network effect (Pitelis, Christos Teece 16). Lastly it expands network of company-owned retail stores. Through the high quality buying experience the customers gets easy access for the expanded stores which are simply designed to allow presentation of marketing Apple products worldwide.Critical Threat in Strategic RiskExpectation along with corporate risk affects the author expectation for account risks. These risk help to understand process contained in the organization help the author from well expectation for financial; statement balance (Gerais et al., 139). The competition from the new smartphones such as Nokia made apple fails to recognize that its software might not be up to the task. The company has not yet taken a domination chance or share in the existing phone market. Optimizing the supply chain and management of associated risks still emerges as elements of corporate strategy. The improvement of the supply chain performance might induce contribution needed to reduce sustainable risks that opens the way to improved social as well as environmental conditions across the world.Process of Reducing Expectation RiskCore competence is the strategy that is utilized in apple to reduce the expectation risk. These skills and abilities make sure the resources are deployed through the organization activities and processes to achieve competition advantages in a manner that is hard for others to imitate or obtain. The core competence will serve as the balance between the unique capability that are evidenced in the company and the strategies and policies that the company needs to acquire in order to maintain or rather to gain competition advantages. The strategy is sustainable since the company uses threshold resources, a capability that needs to change the critical factors or the activities of competitors and new entries. The tradeoffs that is developed assist in achieving the sustainability of acquiring different sort of customers.Objective of Core Co mpetenceThe core competence objective according to the strategic insight apple core competence utilizes strong marketing teams to gain high quality customers services and to upkeep strong performance. Through a proper marketing process the companys competence, the company stood at $76.5 billion in value around 2012. Therefore, Apple Company delight in consumer loyalty through the provision of services and product that makes it highly competitive against its main competitors that is, Nokia and Samsung. The aforementioned objective is very crucial for apple in marketing its products such as the iPod, iPad, iPhone mac computers, apple TV along with software and hardware. The strategy relates to the overall apple strategies as it was named as the second largest information technology company and the most admirable company in the world in Fortune Magazine.Threat of substitute products and servicesAs the information becomes more plenty and easier to have its access, the challenge manager and the staffs face have inadequate information that in turns becomes chaotic and contradictory. The competitors capability of producing gadgets such as phones and computers with similar features as apples products poses threat to the company as the rivals sells the product at cheap prices compared to the same apple accessories offered by Apple. The market price differs a lot and the customers will prefer the cheap items and forgo the products offered in apple Inc.Apple Internal ControlThe risk that the apple marketing teams face is the global markets for the company products as well as services offered becomes very competitive and subjective to swift technology variation. Therefore Apple Inc. might be incapable for competing in an effective way in the emerging and existing markets. According to Heracleous (2013), the company has the capacity to contest in a successful if it is dependent on its capability of ensuring a progressive as well as timely rough guide for innovation of new products, technology and services to the marketplace (96).Financial statement of Analyst Estimates versus Actual RIM PerformanceThe financial statement of Apple Inc. 2011 shows that the audit of an estimate involves the auditor procedure producing their estimate in comparison with its estimates of the management. Most probably the range for estimated amount is generated. Incidentally, the management estimated an allowance for sale in millions to be $116.86 on May 10, $140.04 in August, 114.96 on November 10 and $89.85 on February 11. For example at the end of the quarter ending in February the account for doubtful may be $5,200 million and the auditor may estimate the allowance to be $5,645.85 to $5,556.00 million. However in the latter case the management estimates lies within the reasonable range of the auditor. The auditor should take note that the estimates lean towards the conservation side. It implies that it should be more than the lower estimate and not less than the auditor s highest estimate. From the sales estimates the auditor estimation for selling the Apple products was greater than the actual selling and varies in small quantity either beyond or under the actual estimate.The procedure that works better is the internal control evaluation. The risks of misstatement are based on the evaluation under supervision as well as the companys market risk management during the second quarter of the year 2016. Apple uses internal control along with safe working relationship in the aim of developing the economy through proper legislative process (Customer Letter np.). The company launched a mixed investigation to evaluate the responses from the public. Joining the fair labor association (FLA), Apple tried as much as possible to provide and improve real working conditions of the employees. The risks that are brought by the failure of tackling the dire working environment and the suppliers are the loss of public trust, injury of the company reputation, violation of the law and the loss of future investment funds.The control of internal process provides a risk profile over the financial reporting designed to offer realistic assurance concerning the reliability of the financial reporting as well a...

Pinned to the Wall J. Alfred Prufrock and the Inability...

Pinned to the Wall: J. Alfred Prufrock and the Inability to Change If people are disappointed with themselves and what they have become, then there are naturally two options for remedy. One is to do whatever possible to change themselves and pave a brighter future. The second, perhaps less desirable, is to realize that change is useless or near-impossible, which leads to either finding peace in the way things are or recognizing the hopelessness in the absence of the way things could be. T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† reaffirms the uselessness of change (FINISH). This reflective yet despairing poem is the lament of a man who, though he would like to muster up the courage to become something else, is trapped by an†¦show more content†¦If inner change is even possible in this poem at first glance, it is certainly thwarted by an environment that does not even seem to care at all that our narrator exists. Additionally, Prufrock is surro unded by a scene where impermanence reigns, where â€Å"women come and go talking of Michelangelo† and people seem less than eager to understand that time is of the essence. Prufrock longs to repeatedly convince himself that â€Å"there will be time† for anything he wishes to do, be it â€Å"murder and create† or â€Å"prepare a face to meet the faces that [he will] meet† (Eliot 27-28). However, he understands the precariousness of time, namely that it is a precious, finite resource that does not allow for an infinite number of modifications to one’s own life. A â€Å"hundred†¦revisions† to Prufrock’s lifestyle would not really matter if all of these are delicate enough such that â€Å"a minute will reverse† them anyway (Eliot 33, 48). Prufrock understands the grim underlying reality that there is not much time after all and implies this society in which he lives is drenched in its â€Å"empty fullness of its life† (Schneider 1104). In fact, the promise of time is a false consolation here, a â€Å"pathological insistence† by Prufrock to scrape up the seconds as they quickly fall through his fingers (Cahill 8). This reliance on time as a tool to change himself loses further validity in the face of Prufrock’s impendingShow MoreRelated The Wasteland Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesreplaced genuine emotional connection. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† goes a step further in depicting these relationships: the speaker reveals a deep sexual frustration along with an awareness of morality, in which he is conscious of his inability to develop a connection with women yet cannot break free from his silence to ask â€Å"an overwhelming question† (line 10). â€Å"The Wasteland† and â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† together illustrate that individuals are in conflict with meaninglessRead More Essay on the Loneliness of J. Alfred Prufrock1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe Loneliness of J. Alfred Prufrock In The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, written by T. S. Elliot in 1917, J. Alfred Prufrock makes the reader privy to his innermost thoughts on an evening out. Prufrock wants to lead the reader to an overwhelming question, raising expectations, but he is a bitterly disappointing man; he never asks the question. He lacks self-esteem, women are intimidating to him, and he is too much of a coward to ever be successful with women. The title is The Love SongRead More Explication of T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock920 Words   |  4 PagesExplication of T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock In T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the author is establishing the trouble the narrator is having dealing with middle age. Prufrock(the narrator) believes that age is a burden and is deeply troubled by it.. His love of some women cannot be because he feels the prime of his life is over. His preoccupation with the passing of time characterizes the fear of aging he has. The poem deals with the aging and fearsRead MoreExplication of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesExplication of Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock In T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the author is establishing the trouble the narrator is having dealing with middle age. Prufrock(the narrator) believes that age is a burden and is deeply troubled by it.. His love of some women cannot be because he feels the prime of his life is over. His preoccupation with the passing of time characterizes the fear of aging he has. The poem deals with the aging and fears associated with it ofRead More The Pitiful Prufrock of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pitiful Prufrock of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   T.S. Elliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, is a melancholy poem of one mans   frustrated search to find the meaning of his existence.   The speakers strong use of imagery contributes to the poems theme of communion and loneliness. The Poem begins with an invitation from Prufrock to follow him through his self-examination. The imagery of this invitation begins with a startling simileRead MoreModernism - Araby and the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesreality is reflected through techniques of fragmentation in modernist works such as James Joyce’s short story â€Å"Araby† and T.S. Eliot’s poem â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, fundamental and far-reaching changes in society often made individuals feel wary and estranged from their surrounding world. These changes included urbanization, technological advancements, mass markets and growing populations. The shocking ferocity and futility and aftermath of World War I

Reflection Of Harrison Bergeron - 1296 Words

Throughout this semester we watched some pretty good movies and read some pretty interesting short stories. They three characters I chose to discuss are Royal Tenenbaum from the movie The Royal Tenenbaums, DJay from Hustle and Flow, and Harrison Bergeron from the short story Harrison Bergeron. The reason I chose these characters to write about was because they all had different struggles with their identity. Some were more obvious but some took a little bit of thought and discussion to fully understand the problem they had. The first person that struggled with their identity was Royal Tenenbaum from The Royal Tenenbaums. I believed he struggled with his identity because he and his wife got divorced and he moved away from his kids at a†¦show more content†¦What causes him to change his perspective is he gets kicked out of the hotel he had been staying in for the past 22 years. Also once they find out he was lying about cancer he has to find a new way to approach them. He chan ges his identity throughout the movie because he wants to have a relationship with his kids and he changes the way he acts mainly. He understand the current way isn’t working and has to change. The second character I chose to discuss was Djay from the movie Hustle and Flow. In the beginning Djay seems to be a hardcore pimp but in the movie he changes and he says he doesn’t like pimping girls out of his car. Djay struggles with being from a neighborhood full of poverty. He wants to be famous like someone else who made it out of his neighborhood. Djay lacks the financial needs to succeed the way he wants too. He needs a several hundred dollar microphone and leaves one of his girls there to get it for him. Since he can’t afford anythings else he gets an old friend to help convert a room in his house to a studio. They cover the wall with cardboard cup holders to help with sound. Djay sees himself as someone stuck where they came from and had to resort to selling dr ugs and becoming a pimp. Djay’s ultimate goal is to become a successful rapper and to have a better life. He tries to have a famous rapper help him out but it fails and he ends up arrested. However, one of the girls who he use to pimp gets his song on the radio and becomes aShow MoreRelatedHarrison Bergeron Reflection814 Words   |  4 PagesIn school we learn many things, from what we read, see, and hear; but I believe that there are a few specific stories students should read while at the high school. One short story in particular â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† teaches a very important message to those who read it. In this short story we see a utopian society where everyone is exactly the same, but in the end teaches the reader that a society like that is horrible, and everyone should be themselves. In the society, people who are gifted, strongerRead MoreHarrison Bergeron1095 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. is a story literally exaggerated to its limit by showing, in the near future, what it means to be equal in every way by having people not being able to show any form of intelligence or creativity whatsoever. When Harrison Bergeron breaks the chains of government oppression, he dies for his failed cause. He dies because he chooses not to conform to the rest of his oppressive society. His parents, George andRead MoreLiterary Elements Of A Short Story1513 Words   |  7 Pagesas narrative or point of view, character, setting, tone, and style, theme, plot, and symbol. All of these literary elements are fundamental to write a short story, you cannot have one without the other. The short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, â€Å"The Gift of the Magi†, â€Å"Barn Burning†, and â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† are great examples of the distinct type of narrators. One of the most common narratives used to write a literary piece is participant narrator, in this type of narrative whereRead More`` Harrison Bergeron `` By Kurt Vonnegut1875 Words   |  8 Pagesyear 2081, and everybody was finally equal in every which way. Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else† (Vonnegut 864). In the futuristic short story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† written by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. illustrates a government implemented law of equality forced upon a society. Vonnegut a social commentator utilizes satirical events in the story to illustrate irrational thoughts and ideas from society. Satire isRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson And Kurt Vonneguts The Lottery1788 Words   |  8 Pages1900s Shirley Jackson and Kurt Vonnegut published a number of fictional pieces in the United States. During this time, each addressed the existing struggle between the individual and so ciety. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† and Kurt Vonnegut’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† are two stories that depict the oppression an individual faces when pitted to society. Jackson’s piece in particular points to the danger of blind following, while Vonnegut’s work addresses the danger in total equality. Through a number of meansRead MoreCharacter Analysis : Girl Of The Streets Essay1773 Words   |  8 Pagesperson amazing, and no character in a story represents that more effectively than Harrison Bergeron in the Kurt Vonnegut Story by the same name. Maggie, in Maggie: Girl of the Streets is a premiere example of a character in a world where the individuality is pushed aside entirely. These two conflicting journeys represent the two possibilities for individuality in their similarly oppressive worlds. Harrison Bergeron shows us that no matter what actions are taken attempting to suppress individuality

Clinical Leadership Evidence Based Practice and Accountability

Question: Discuss about theClinical Leadershipfor Evidence Based Practice and Accountability. Answer: Introduction Clinical leadership may be defined as the ability of an individual who has a clinical expertise in a specific area of practice and who utilizes interpersonal skills for enabling the nurses and the other healthcare providers for delivering quality and safe care to the patients. Leadership is a significant factor in the healthcare settings. The lack of an efficient clinical leadership in the healthcare organization can be disadvantageous with respect to the care of the patients. In the absence of an efficient clinical leader, change in management cannot take place. This review will discuss the importance of clinical leadership in the healthcare settings. In addition, it will highlight some of the examples of negative situations, which the healthcare organizations face due to lack of clinical leadership. Importance of Clinical Leadership in Healthcare The significance of an effectual clinical leadership ensures a healthcare system, which is of a high a high quality and is safe too. Clinical leadership is essential in order to improve the quality as well as safety. However, leadership in the healthcare settings is usually complex as the healthcare professionals have to face a number of challenges in their daily work. The improvements and the quality in healthcare are reliant on the efficacy of the leaders at all the healthcare levels. In Singapore, the clinical leaders are supported by clinical governance for becoming efficient to provide and facilitate quality and safe care by involving the main concepts related to the safety of the patients, management of risks, evidence-based practice, accountability, information and communication by: Placing an obligation of care for improving the performance and outcomes of the team as well as the healthcare organization The systematic synchronization of all the responsibilities with liable practice Team building and interdependence by integrated working Supervising, evaluating, altering and improving the practices for ensuring effective healthcare and safety to the patients. Fostering the organization culture in the healthcare setting and working in an environment of constant learning as well as sharing of knowledge and information. Enhancing the quality and safety with respect to the treatment and care of the patients receiving care Implementing a person-centered approach (Veronesi, Kirkpatrick and Altanlar 2015) The Royal College of nursing has developed a framework of the principles of nursing practice, which highlights the role of clinical leadership to deliver quality, safe, responsive and sympathetic care to the patients. It has been indicated by Huggan et al. (2012), that every healthcare organization need strong and efficient leaders so that the treatments as well as care of the patients are not compromised. The healthcare organizations need to recognize, expand and employ frameworks, which is suitable with their own exceptional culture of the organization as well as the working environment. Clinical leadership requires certain skills such as communication skills, clinical credibility, political skills, moral behaviours and personality. The clinical leaders are valued by the doctor depending on the ability to listen and acting upon the informed decision of the other individuals. Clinical credibility has been considered an important factor for a clinical leader for attaining the respect of his/ her peers and for continuing to support the patients in their best interest. It has been recognized by the doctors that a clinical leader should be resilient and decisive for retaining a strong emotional and mental determination at the time when they are pressurized. It is also been believed by the doctors that passion and enthusiasm should be demonstrated by a clinical leader with respect to their roles and responsibilities (Daly et al. 2014). It is necessary for acknowledging and recognizing that all the healthcare organizations and team members together with an individual level that a scope of improvement is always there. It is also necessary for acknowledging and recognizing that the improvements could be accomplished only by giving support as well as opportunity for teams and individuals for developing. A clinical leader emerges from within the healthcare setting or organization in which he/she works. The reviews of a number of researchers have suggested that a clinical leader does not have a predefined role. According to Koh and Cheah, (2015), a clinical leader emerges from a clinical setting which is usually complex he/she possess appropriate knowledge, expertise and respect for the peers. They also have the ability of building a sound relationship with the team members. A clinical leader needs to be effective as well as affective. The clinical leaders must be effective to bring change in the outcomes through innovat ion and advancements in the clinical settings. The clinical leaders must be affective for bringing a difference. These two can be attained by identifying, empowering and influencing the individuals by means of effectual communication for sharing and learning from one another in practice (Mulla, Hewison and Shapiro 2014). Discussion Clinical leadership studies identify the significance of relationship management together with the necessity of emotional intelligence as well as coaching skills for achieving this. Concentrating on the inter-relational characteristics of leadership is revealed in the perception of democratic and communicative leadership that stresses on the significance of discussion and consideration through organizational development for empowering the staff members. In the absence of an effective clinical leadership, several problems take place due to poor clinical leadership. It can have numerous negative effects on the healthcare organization. When a clinical leader lacks the ability for providing training, coaching, direction and motivation to the team members, then due to this the culture as well as the morale of the healthcare organizations is hampered. It cam have numerous negative effects on the healthcare organizations. A concrete result due to poor clinical leadership often results in po or financial outcomes and in addition, the goals of the healthcare organization cannot be achieved (Ingebrigtsen et al. 2014). According to LEE et al. (2015), the staff members are not inspired by a poor clinical leader for delivering quality performance and looking the opportunities of training and development. A poor clinical leadership is responsible for the downfall of a healthcare organization. Poor clinical leadership may lead to fragmented roles of work and fragmented departments. It means that all the work forces overlook their importance of work for achieving the goals of the healthcare organization and the concerned departments. The other possible outcome of a poor clinical leadership is low morale. It can result from the work forces have an uncertain feeling regarding the healthcare organization as well as their jobs. This issue is also contributed by poor communication. A poor clinical leadership is also responsible for the burn out of the employees as they do not get motivated and are frustrated too. Thus, as a result they look for other jobs as they dot like to a work under a poor clinical lead er, who could not motivate them to achieve goals of the healthcare organization (Brown, Crookes and Dewing 2016). There also occurs a concern that several healthcare professionals may not be fully prepared for understanding the nature of clinical leadership or engage in the roles of clinical leadership due to the lack of leadership content in the curriculum of the undergraduate course. These insufficiencies have been identified by the professional organizations and the providers of the services related to health, particularly in terms of the enquiries that are wide-ranging with respect to the services of health quality in several countries. Consequently, there have several attempts have been made for overcoming these deficiencies in order to prepare healthcare professionals. According to McSherry and Pearce (2016), there are few evidences that the groups of health service providers are making efforts for addressing the issues relating to leadership issues by designing and implementing the programs of leadership development. Clinical leadership has been identified as critical to optimize the qual ity of care and safety of the patients receiving care. An efficient clinical leadership is a prerequisite to understand the multifaceted system of care for the advantage of the clients or the patients as well as to ensure healthy working environments (Brown and Dewing 2016). In several regions of the developed world, the challenges of workforces, changing demands and expectations of the consumers, rising demands for the accessing care, fiscal constraints, and issues associated with the quality and safety level of the patients and a mandate for improving the patient-centered care confronts current hospital care. Effectual governance is necessary for the attempts for maximizing efficient management of care in the healthcare settings. The significance of an effectual clinical leadership is to ensure a high quality healthcare, which constantly provides efficient and safe healthcare has been restated in the academic literature as well as in a variety of government reports. The current reports, commissions and inquiries have promoted clinical leadership as well as engagement of the clinicians as important for achieving and maintaining the improvements to the quality of care and safety of the patients receiving treatment and care (Mannix, Wilkes and Daly 2013). An efficient clinical leadership has been associated with a broad variety of functions. It is a prerequisite of hospital care, together with timely care delivery, system performance, efficiency and integrity of the system, accomplishment of the objectives of health reform and is a fundamental constituent of the healthcare system. However, the majority of the individuals are offered with healthcare within the societal setting, the care of hospital continues for garnering the preponderance of financial support and attracting significant attention with respect to the quality of care and the associated concerns. Certainly, hospitals are expensive and have diverse surroundings, which diverge in dimension and complexity and are evaluated by their overall responsibility and utility within the larger system of healthcare. The services that are offered by the hospitals are evaluated and obligated by several mechanisms, together with the population demographics, policy of the government and th e power and politics of the service providers (Martin and Waring 2013). Conclusion To sum up, clinical leadership is important for ensuring a healthcare system, which is of a high quality and is safe. Clinical leadership is essential for improving the quality of care as well as safety of the patients receiving treatment and care in the healthcare settings. It is also essential for acknowledging and recognizing that the improvements could be accomplished only by giving support and opportunity for teams and individuals for developing. The lack of clinical leadership in the healthcare organizations can lead to several problems. Hence, all the healthcare organizations should have clinical leaders, who can lead them to the heights of success in an efficient manner. References Brown, A. and Dewing, J., 2016. The next generation of clinical leaders; future proofing preparation.Journal of Nursing Management,24(5), pp.569-570. Brown, A., Crookes, P. and Dewing, J., 2016. Clinical leadership development in a pre-registration nursing curriculum: What the profession has to say about it.Nurse education today,36, pp.105-111. Brown, A., Dewing, J. and Crookes, P., 2016. Clinical leadership and pre-registration nursing programmes: A model for clinical leadership and a prospective curriculum implementation and evaluation research strategy.Nurse education today,42, pp.30-34. Daly, J., Jackson, D., Mannix, J., Davidson, P.M. and Hutchinson, M., 2014. The importance of clinical leadership in the hospital setting.J Healthc Leadersh,6, pp.75-83. Huggan, P.J., Samarasekara, D.D., Archuleta, S., Khoo, S.M., Sim, J.H.J., Sin, C.S.P. and Ooi, S.B.S., 2012. The successful, rapid transition to a new model of graduate medical education in Singapore.Academic Medicine,87(9), pp.1268-1273. Ingebrigtsen, T., Georgiou, A., Clay-Williams, R., Magrabi, F., Hordern, A., Prgomet, M., Li, J., Westbrook, J. and Braithwaite, J., 2014. The impact of clinical leadership on health information technology adoption: systematic review.International journal of medical informatics,83(6), pp.393-405. Koh, A. and Cheah, J., 2015. No hospital is an islandemerging new roles of the acute general hospital in the Singapore healthcare ecosystem.Future Hospital Journal,2(2), pp.121-124. Lee, C.E. and Satku, K. eds., 2015.'Singapore''s Health Care System': What 50 Years Have Achieved. World Scientific. LEE, Y.K., GOH, H., YEO, R., KAUR, K. and CHUA, C.G., 2015. Evaluation of a Project: Clinical Leadership Programme That Prepared Senior Nurses and Nurse Managers at the National Kidney Foundation, Singapore for Renal Dialysis Nurse-Led Model of Care.Singapore Nursing Journal,42(2). Mannix, J., Wilkes, L. and Daly, J., 2013. Attributes of clinical leadership in contemporary nursing: an integrative review.Contemporary nurse,45(1), pp.10-21. Mannix, J., Wilkes, L. and Daly, J., 2015. Watching an artist at work: aesthetic leadership in clinical nursing workplaces.Journal of clinical nursing,24(23-24), pp.3511-3518. Martin, G.P. and Waring, J., 2013. Leading from the middle: constrained realities of clinical leadership in healthcare organizations.Health:,17(4), pp.358-374. McSherry, R. and Pearce, P., 2016. What are the effective ways to translate clinical leadership into healthcare quality improvement?.Journal of Healthcare Leadership. Mulla, A., Hewison, A. and Shapiro, J., 2014. The importance of clinical leadership in service redesign.The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services,10(3), p.126. Veronesi, G., Kirkpatrick, I. and Altanlar, A., 2015. Clinical leadership and the changing governance of public hospitals: implications for patient experience.Public Administration,93(4), pp.1031-1048.

Understanding Cities and Regions

Understanding cities and regions is a significantly complicate and confusing task. This process enables individuals and government agencies to effectively plan for resource distribution and management of regions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Cities and Regions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A city refers to an entity that occupies space or an element in a network of urban centres. On the other hand, a region entails an intermediary entity that occupies a position in the continuum of a country and a city (Frey 2007, p. 112). In this regard, the distinction of the two entities involves the analysis of spatial and temporal comparisons, structural change, design and the implementation of policies. Sometimes, disagreements arise regarding when the categorising of a city as a region and vice versa. Similarly, cities and regions share multiple traits. These include their representation of an open syst em with respect to trade, factor mobility, and government transfers (Short 1996, p. 424). Nevertheless, a detail analysis of the two economic entities will depict the fundamental difference that supersedes the mere analysis concerning the dimensions of the area or population. From the inception of the concept of urbanisation, several elements of an urban area have been considered in evaluating the components of a city. Classically, cities were considered urban areas that exhibited economical, social, and political influences on people. In this regard, various theories attempt to explain the origin and development of urban areas.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theories that have clearly elicited how urban areas originated in the past include hydraulic, economic, military, and religious theories (Parr 2008, p. 3012). All these theories identify the need of populations’ confederation. The theories have similar primary characteristics concerning size, specialisation of labour, class-structured society and state organisation. Notably, the population, environment, technology, and social organisation influenced the emergence of urban areas. Overtime, the rating of the urban areas with the focus on industrial production underwent considerable transformations. At the same time, industrial capitalism input a crucial element in the industrial cities’ definition. During this transition period, the urban areas were segregated to accommodate the needs of all individuals as per their classes. Quartering such as luxury areas, gentrified city, suburban, tenement, and abandon cities existed. All these quarters catered for the needs of the mighty and the poor in the society. After the industrial period, the urban areas transformed to the postmodern cities. In this regard, the adoption of restructuring in the economic, social, and political segments was nec essary. The restructuring of the economic base in the urban areas involved a fundamental change in the organisation and technology of the industrial production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Cities and Regions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, it led to the formation of a global system of world cities through the spatial division of labour and specialisation (Clapp 1971, p. 128). Similarly, a change in social structure was witness because of the social fragmentation created by the wide gap between the rich and the poor. Nevertheless, there was an increase in the radical restructuring of the urban forms like megacity, metroplex, technoburb, technopolis, and exopolis to accommodate the change in the urban imagery. Historically, the imagery of the cities influenced the urban areas’ rating. In this regard, myths and ideologies were developed to describe the exact nature of urban a reas (Hufschmidt 1969, p.88). The common anti-urban myths included unnatural, anonymous, sin, or treat cities. The pro-urban views included the civilized, soft, free, or radical cities. Progressively, urban ideologies emerged which help to characterise the nature of a city as a wannabee world, clean and green or ‘look! No more factories’ city. At that time, cities were categorised with regard to the cost of living, employment and crime rates, arts and climate. Evidently, multiple means of evaluating cities have been formulated. Additionally, presently, competition is no longer regional or national, but globally. Therefore, In this regard, it is crucial for any city to identify its market niche and create a favourable image. Apparently, the region definition has been the main area of interest in distinguishing between regions and cities. Analytically, regions cut across the various approaches of interest like economics, geography, planning, politics, and sociology. Thus, regions focus on the economic, social, political, cultural, and ecological changes (Pike 2007, p. 1145). Evidently, regions exhibit contemporary controversies about space, place, and scale.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, researchers have embarked on studies to establish the standards of analysis and evidence of regions. Notably, most researchers agree that regions should be categorised depending on the data specification, collection, and analysis in more open, unbound, and discontinuous spatial units other than the space, place, and scale. The role of governance, policy, and politics in the regional level is essential in the definition of a region. The emergent forms of governance regarding participatory and democratic leadership with new geographies of devolution and multi-layering clearly depicts the definition of a region. Similarly, the use of regions to shape, develop, and deliver policies determine their definition (Stiftel 2005, p. 220). Additionally, power relations are critical in evaluating regions’ interests and development. This implies that the initiative of contesting demands the collective provision and interpretation of governance of regional firm networks. Theref ore, it is crucial to realise that regions have more importance to contesters as they promote the emergence of spatial imaginaries at the city-region and local levels. Consequently, the main requirement of regional studies is to reflect on the need to articulate the normative content and intent of people’s work towards sustainable development at the local and regional levels. In defining regions, it is critical to adopt the Meyer’s classification of economies approach. This approach defines regions with respect to spatial differentiation. In this regard, there are the homogeneous, nodal, and programming regions (Salet 2003, p. 125). The homogeneous approach reflects on the regions that exhibit differentiating factors, but similar uniform terms of a certain criteria. This approach’s use has been significant with the analysis of economic activities. The nodal regions adopt the fact that there are nodes or market areas within the surrounding of the suburban areas t hat supply the nodes. Additionally, the government’s implementations of policies that create differentiating factors influence the programming regions. All these forms the influencing factors of a region explain the exact nature of a region. The process of contrasting regions and cities demands the analysis of regions space, scale, and social factors. Initially, the first contrast entails the definition of cities or regions with regard to the spatial-sectored factors, interaction between zones, external interaction or scale and change. The spatial-sectored structures refer the combination of the urban area (C zone) and the hinterland or surrounding regions (S zone). The interaction between zones entails how the C zone and S zone symbiotically relate with respect to their economic interdependence (Pacione 2005, p. 44). The external interactions depict how two different zones interact without losing their sight to the external economic relations. Similarly, scale and change por tray the extensiveness of an area and the frequency of changes in such regions. In this regard, adequate attention on the spatial structure and the change emerging due to evolution is vital. Another contrasting element of the types of regions is the polycentric urban region (PUR). This component entails the spatial structure, patterns of interaction and economic prospects of PUR. The spatial structure entails the grouping of urban areas that meet certain conditions such as the clustered distribution of urban areas, maximum and minimum spacing, lack of direct relationship between centres and any dominance, and the average level of interaction between centres. The patterns of interaction entail the labour-market interaction between centres. The economic prospects refer to the formation of a metropolitan area without its accompanying disadvantages. This fosters the efficient delivery of services and the adoption of appropriate system of governance. There are other ways of identifying P UR. These include the alternative interpretation of regions and polycentric megacity region (Stilwell 1992, p. 128). This enables the identification and distinction of cities and regions. References Clapp, J. A. (1971). New towns and urban policy; planning metropolitan growth. Dunellen: New York. Frey, H., Yaneske, P. (2007). Visions of sustainability: cities and regions. Taylor Francis: London. Hufschmidt, M. M. (1969). Regional planning; challenge and prospects. Praeger: New York. Pacione, M. (2005). 3. Urban geography : global perspective (pp. 22-57). Routledge: New York, NY. Parr, J. B. (2008). Cities and regions: problems and potentials. Environment and Planning, 40, 3009-3026. Pike, A. (2007). Editorial: Whither Regional Studies?. Centre for Urban and RegionalDevelopment Studies (CURDS), 41(9), 1143-1148. Salet, W. G. (2003). Metropolitan governance and spatial planning: comparative case studies of European city-regions. Spon Press: London. Short, J. R. (1996). 18. The urban order : an introduction to cities, culture, and power (pp. 414-438). Blackwell Publishers: Cambridge, Mass., USA. Stiftel, B., Watson, V. (2005). Dialogues in urban and regional planning. Routledge: London. Stilwell, F. J. (1992). Understanding cities regions: spatial political economy. Pluto Press Australia: Leichhardt, NSW. This essay on Understanding Cities and Regions was written and submitted by user Alvin Hardin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Report On Reding in the Dark essays

Report On Reding in the Dark essays The novel, Reading in the Dark, is written by Seamus Deanne. This book is written from the viewpoint of a little boy who explains the episodes of his life as he grows up. Apparently, Deanne said in an interview with the Irish Times, that the accounts in the story are taken from his own family along with the other families in his neighborhood in Derry, Northern Ireland. As I read the book, I didn't think it was a true story, but presumed it was fictional. I think I thought this because it was all about hauntings and ghost stories and it didn't strike me as being a true account someone's life. After I read it, I found out that all of the accounts in the story are true, and it changed the way that I evaluated at the book. I now saw the book as the author's way to explain himself and let the reader know where he is coming from, rather than just any fictional story. I think that he stresses how the episodes in his early life really effected him and ultimately resulted in him becomi ng a writer. Before I realized the author was the narrator of the book it was not as personal and I didn't feel so much for the narrator. However, when I found out he was writing about himself it became more personal and it gives the reader a real sense of what his life was like while he was growing up. The book points out in various ways that the narrator was not like the other kids in the story. He was always associating with adults rather then socializing with kids his own age. The only time that he went out with kids his own age it ended up in a disaster, Irene's boyfriend punched him. This event discouraged him even more from socializing with kids his own age. Several chapters of the book were devoted to the narrator hearing stories from various adults such as Katie, his grandfather and Joe. These are stories that are not just told to anyone and the reader gets a sense that the people telling the narrator the stories see something differ...

The Social Environment and Health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Social Environment and Health - Assignment Example On the other hand aging and obesity are biological factors. As Hillier and Barrow (2014) state, hypertension exists in about 31% of individuals above the age of 65 and only in 22% of those between 45 and 64 years. Chen, Lo, Chang, and Kuo (2014) note that obesity indices are substantially associated with the risk of hypertension across age and gender. Approaches geared towards enhancing health when biological and social factors are considered differ. If considering the physical fitness, it is easier to undertake physical exercises that will lead to improved health. In the case of dieting, it requires the intervention of a nutritionist who advises on what foods to and not to take. Also, the results of dieting may not be physically observable as those of physical exercise. For example, reducing dietary sodium salt intake to the recommended standard of around a 1,500 mg a day (Cavanaugh & Blanchard-Fields, 2014), it is not physically expressed. Chen, S. C., Lo, T. C., Chang, J. H., & Kuo, H. W. (2014). Variations in Aging, Gender, Menopause, and Obesity and Their Effects on Hypertension in Taiwan. International Journal of Hypertension, 2014,

Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Article - Essay Example There are greater chances of conflict arising than there are for a harmonious coexistence. The very differences that make people different and unique, seek to stretch farther the variations in various ways. This situation is manifested through situations like poverty, selfish interests, as well as ethnic differences. At such phenomena, there is an imminent need for the innocent to be protected. That is when law comes as a social control for the society in question (Fuller 1975, pp.89-95). The Law will, therefore, seek to replay the circumstances leading up to the crime and then judge strictly based on the constitution or other guiding statutes. Judgments made, therefore, not only serve as punishments to the accused perpetrators rather they are used to control the public on matters similar. Through the ruling that is served, the public will be wary of practicing such behaviors; in which case the society is tamed for the greater good. Nevertheless, it is challenging at times especially for the court to determine the exact purpose of the law at some instances. The two purposes mentioned above become so intertwined for any clear cut significance to show individually (Fuller 1975, pp.89-95). However, through deliberations, the judges ultimately develop appropriate resolutions. Fuller, L. (1975). Law as an Instrument of Social Control and Law as a facilitation of Human Interaction. Law as an Instrument of Social Control and Law as a facilitation of Human Interaction, 1(1),

Wil Haygood Paper Essay Example for Free

Wil Haygood Paper Essay On September 12th, I attended the talk with Wil Haygood discussing his new movie â€Å"The Butler. † It seemed that the entire community came together to see Wil Haygood speak that night. The entire gym was filled to see Wil, and you could tell that he was very appreciative. I am really glad that I chose to go to the talk rather than the movie because I got to hear about Wil Haygood’s life and how the movie really came to be. I can always go and see the movie whenever I want, but this was a great chance to see what Wil has to say and listen to him talk about his inspiration behind the book and movie. ODU’s manager of communications, Thomas Brockman, introduced everyone that was a part of the event. First, Don Davis was introduced because she made the Butler book possible. Davis was the publisher of â€Å"The Butler. † Next, Steven Reece came to the podium. He had a 22 year career at the Washington Post and edited Haygood’s original article. These two people were extremely significant in the success that â€Å"The Butler† has had. Finally, the author, Wil Haygood, was introduced. I was excited to hear about his journey and his perseverance in making all of this possible. Wil Haygood was born and raised in Columbus, Ohio, where his career as a writer began. He attended Ohio Dominican University as a high school student and received his bachelor degree from Miami University of Ohio. It is inspiring that someone as successful as him has roots from ODU. In high school he was accepted into the Upward Bound Program and it remained the greatest moral movement in United States history. It is great that Haygood was getting involved at such a young age and trying to make a difference in our country. Haygood had become successful during his career as a journalist. His success as a writer had only developed more when he received a call from a lady that told him about Eugene Allen. This call is what started it all. He relentlessly pursued to get a hold of Allen and had to make 57 different phone calls until he finally reached him. Haygood was not going to let anything get in his way of getting to talk to Eugene. Eugene worked as a White House butler for 34 years and never missed a day of work. He served as a butler from Harry Truman to Ronald Reagan. Allen agreed for Haygood to come over and speak with him. However, before he said anything Mrs. Allen had to make sure Haygood was a good person. Finally she gave Eugene permission to show Haygood the basement. The basement was dedicated to the presidents and his life. All of this gave Haygood critical information to be able to write about Eugene. I always commend people that go out and find these stories because without Haygood we would not know about Eugene Allen. Many obstacles got in Haygood’s way where he could have called it quits, but he kept moving forward. Once the book came out it was an instant New York Times Best Seller. It is considered one of the best political books of the year. I have not had a chance to read the book yet, but after hearing from Wil Haygood it is definitely a book that I want to read. History can tell us so much about our country and this book can tell us more in depth about the history that Eugene Allen was a part of. I am glad I attended this event because it showed me that if one really wants something, then he should go after it. Failure is always going to happen, but if one never goes out and tries, he would never know if he could actually achieve his goal. Haygood made a name for himself by putting himself out there and making a difference. I want to be an individual that makes a difference and Haygood has given me inspiration to go after what I want.

AIDS in the United States :: Research Disease Diseases Sexually Essays

AIDS in the United States Until the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, a rare, benign skin disease called Kaposi’s Sarcoma was almost exclusively diagnosed in older, dark-skinned men from Europe and Africa. Between 1979 and 1981, â€Å"Kaposi’s sarcoma had been diagnosed in twenty-six men, twenty in New York and six in California. Eight had died, all in less than two years. Only one was nonwhite. None was more than fifty-one years old; the mean age was thirty-nine. All were homosexual.† (Grmek, 6-7) The emergence of Kaposi’s sarcoma in the United States and its behavior aroused concern in the medical community. Atypical victims of an ordinarily non-lethal disease were dying in New York and San Francisco. Pneumocystis carinii, an unusual form of pneumonia, was also being diagnosed at the time in other patients. It soon became clear that the unidentified disease (AIDS) targeted the human immune system. However, the virus that eventually caused AIDS was yet to be isolated and identified. In 1983, through the combined efforts of the United States and France (laboratory of Robert Gallo at the National Institutes of Health and Professor Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute, respectively), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolation was achieved and the two nations shared the commendation. Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute was recognized for the first isolation of the HIV virus and Robert Gallo of the National Institutes for Health was accredited with the ability to reproduce the virus and acknowledged for the invention of the diagnostic tests. (Schoub 9-10) The precise origin of the virus with regard to place and time is unknown. However, information about the origins of HIV is not pertinent to the control or repression of the disease. Regardless of whether HIV originated in Africa the 19th century or in the United States in the 1950’s, the modern suppression of the epidemic would proceed similarly. An anti-viral agent is designed to hinder a phase of the virus’ multiplication. Unfortunately, it is difficult to create an anti-viral agent for HIV â€Å"because of the overlap of the biochemical processes of viruses and those of cells, and it would thus be virtually impossible to design chemical agents that would be sufficiently selective to be therapeutically useful.† (Schoub, 159) Essentially, it is arduous to inhibit the natural processes of the virus without inhibiting the similar processes of the human cell. There are several different strains of HIV in existence and new strains are constantly mutating.

Fantasy Voyage from Femoral Vein to Right Lobe of the Lung

HS 130 Unit 4 Assignment Fantasy Voyage and Battle of the Lung Hello everyone and welcome aboard! I am S Y. with Voyage Health. Today, we will embark together in my mini-sub and we shall travel through the body of this young lady named Lola. In this journey we will enter her body through the femoral vein and travel all the way to her lung. Alert! Alert! An alert just came and we are in for a surprise. Bacteria have invaded Lola’s lower lobe of her right lung and we shall report the invasion and document all we see. Let’s proceed.We are being injected into the femoral vein close to the groin area. The femoral vein runs parallel with the femoral artery through the upper thigh and pelvic region of the body. (Yahoo Health, 2013) Being one of the larger veins in the body, the femoral vein returns blood into the leg to the heart through the iliac vein. Before we get to the iliac vein, we pass through the inguinal ligament that forms a band going from anterior superior iliac s pine to the pubis ligament. The role of the inguinal ligament is to protect the tissue movement between the trunk and the lower extremities. Yahoo Health, 2013) From the inguinal ligament, going north, we see the external iliac vein which is a continuation of the femoral vein just above the inguinal ligament. Starting at the groin area, the external iliac vein goes along the pelvic area. When it intersects with the internal iliac vein , we will navigate East into the common iliac vein that functions to drain the perineal regions. The iliac veins are joined together to form inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava, also know as posterior vena cava, is a vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart. (Yahoo Health, 2013).It runs behind the abdominal cavity and alongside the right vertebrae column of the spine and it carries blood from the lower body to the heart. (Yahoo Health, 2013) From here we can already see the heart. Isn’t it fantastic? We are so close to the pump that keeps the human body alive. Once we enter it, we will experience first hand the intricate operation of this marvelous mechanism. Next stop. Right atrium. One of the four chambers of the heart, the right atrium lets deoxygenated blood to pass through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle and from there to the lung to oxygenate.The tricuspid valve, also known as right atrioventricular valve is located between the two chambers and it looks like flaps that blocks blood flowing back into the atrium. (Yahoo Health, 2013) The right ventricle of the heart has the mission to pump the blood into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve and pulmonary trunk right into the lungs. Ready to go through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery? Here we go! Weeeee†¦.. We are steps away from the most magnificent oxygen factory you have ever seen. Short and wide, the pulmonary artery begins at the base of the right ventricle and with a considerable size of 1 . inches in diameter and 2. 0 inches in length. Interesting fact: the pulmonary artery is one of the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood. The other artery is the umbilical artery in the fetus. This is just something I remembered from an Anatomy class I used to take in college. The main pulmonary artery extends from the right ventricle of the heart and branches into left and right pulmonary arteries. The left and right pulmonary arteries extend to the left lung and right lungs. (Bailey, Regina 2013) Now just relax and sit back. Enjoy the ride to the lung!Going through the Finally, as promised, welcome the most amazing oxygen factory of the human body! The lung. Divided in two, the lung has 5 chambers, 3 on the right side and 2 on the left side. In the right side of the lung, we see the right superior lobe or the apex located right under the collarbone. The right middle lobe right below and what would be the name of the 3rd chamber? Right, the right inferior or lower lobe, als o called the base can anyone guesses why? Because it is broad and it rest on the diaphragm right around the 7th rib. Thibodeau, GA & Patton, KT, 2008) Our earlier alert lets us know that nasty bacteria have affected the right lower lobe of the lung. We need to watch carefully what is happening and record everything. The body gives an alarm each time something foreign enters it and tries to fight it. Alarm system? Yes. The immune system is our alarm system. The 2 types of immunity are specific and non-specific. The non-specific immunity, also called innate immunity confers general protection from any irritant or abnormal substance that threatens the internal environment. Thibodeau, GA & Patton, KT, 2008) For example, the skin and the mucus membrane are non-specific barriers to prevent bacterium from entering the body. A non-specific response is inflammatory response and it is most common immune response. Specific immunity, as the name says, provides specific protection against certai n types of invading bacteria or toxic materials. (Thibodeau, GA & Patton, KT, 2008) Also called adaptive immunity, specific immunity may be classified as â€Å"natural† or â€Å"artificial†. Natural immunity is non-deliberate exposure to disease agents and it can be active or passive.An example of passive natural immunity is the immunity given to the fetus by the mother. Artificial immunity is deliberate exposure to disease agents and one example is vaccine for polio. Afterwards, the person who has received the vaccine will have active artificial immunity. In Lola’s case, her non-specific immunity kicked in when the bacteria invaded the lung. The white blood cells, monocytes and macrophages are in action These are natural killer cells that fight inflammation. Most likely, Lola will develop fever and the neutrophils are first to come in during inflammatory process.After the body starts to recover and the fever subdues, the lymphocytes will activate and create ant ibodies. That means that Lola will have specific immunity once this event is registered into the memory cells. Seems that Lola will be on her way to recovery soon and we documented the Battle of the Lung. Shall we continue our journey? The pathway out is through the nose and even though it might seem gross, we will see some very interesting things on the way out. Let’s proceed! Seat belts on, please! We are passing through the alveolar membrane into the alveoli. Can you see the structure?They look like grapes and they are as many as 10 times larger than the entire surface area of the body. Together, the alveoli can cover 100 square meters. (Thibodeau, GA & Patton, KT, 2008) Leaving the grape shaped alveoli behind we move to the bronchioles and then into the bronchi straight into the trachea. The trachea is like the trunk of a tree upside down holding on each side the lungs and it is formed of 15-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage that protect the windpipe. It extends from the bro nchi all the way up to the larynx in the neck over a length of approx. 4. 5 inches.From there, we move to the nasopharinx passing right behind the vocal cords, palatine tonsil, and lingual tonsil. Watch out! The uvula! Phew, that was a close one†¦.. We are in the nasopharinx now and we can already see the light at the end of the tunnel. I mean, at the end of the nose. We can see the frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses that help draining of the nose. Floating through the nasal septum into the external nostrils, we are at our final destination. Let’s stop for a moment and take a deep breath. We got to admit the human body is quit fantastic.I hope you have enjoyed this journey as much as I did. And hopefully, Lola will recover from that bacterium soon. Thank you for your spirit of adventure. This is S Y. with Voyage Health. References Yahoo Health, Femoral Vein (2013). Retrieved from http://health. yahoo. net/human-body-maps/femoral-vein Yahoo Health, Ingui nal Ligament (2013). Retrieved from http://health. yahoo. net/human-body-maps/inguinal-ligament Yahoo Health, Inferior Vena Cava (2013), Retrieved from http://health. yahoo. net/human-body-maps/inferior-vena-cava Yahoo Health, Triscupid Valve(2013), Retrieved from ttp://health. yahoo. net/human-body-maps/tricuspid-valve Bailey Regina (2013), Pulmonary Artery, about. com guide. Article retrieved from http://biology. about. com/od/anatomy/ss/pulmonary_artery. htm Thibodeau, G. A. & Patton, K. T. (2008)Structure and Function of the Body, Chapter 14, The Respiratory System, 13th Edition, St. Louis, MO;Mosby Elsevier, Thibodeau, G. A. & Patton, K. T. (2008)Structure and Function of the Body, Chapter 13, The Immune System, 13th Edition, St. Louis, MO;Mosby Elsevier.

Full Inclusion versus Self-Contained or Special Schools

Full Inclusion Versus Self-Contained or Special Schools The treatment of individuals with disabilities has changed dramatically since the 1800’s. Reynolds 1988, describes, Progressive inclusion, the evolution of services provided to those with various disabilities. In the early 1800’s residential institutions, or asylums were seem as common place accommodations for individuals with hearing, visual, mental or emotional impairments. Institutions remained the primary educational support until a century later in the early 1900’s. The parents of students with disabilities brought upon a legislation change. During the 1950’s and 1960’s, these parents pressured courts and legislatures to introduce a change in educational services. Reynolds†¦show more content†¦In this case, a self-contained program or special school may be considered. Some individuals believe that inclusion settings may leave teachers with lacking resources, training and other supports necessary to teach students with disabilities in their classrooms. Tornillo 1994, believes that a student with extensive needs placed in an inclusion setting are not getting appropriate, specialized attention and care, and the regular students’ education is disrupted constantly. Tornillo 1994, also argues that teachers are required to direct excessive attention to a few students, thereby decreasing the amount of time and energy dissected towards the rest of the class. Therefore, the mandates for greater academic accountability and achievement are unable to be met. Mauro 2009 indicates placement in a self-contained classroom or special school means that the child would be removed from the general school population for all academic subjects to work in a controlled setting with a specialized teacher. Students in self-contained programs or special schools may be working at all different levels, with different textbooks, and different curricula. Self-contained classes and special schools offer structure, routine, and appropriat e expectations according to Mauro 2009. Additionally, full inclusive models do not account for students who are unable to learn from a typical model of instruction. For example, a Deaf student who is unable to lip-read would require a full time interpreter andShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of The Inclusive Classroom Model1287 Words   |  6 PagesIt is essentially the opposite of an isolated special education classroom, where students with disabilities learn only with other students with disabilities. Inclusion represents the philosophy that students with disabilities should be integrated into regular education classrooms whether they can meet traditional curricular standards or not. 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